Development of the nursing diagnosis risk for pressure ulcer / Desarrollo del diagnóstico de enfermería riesgo de úlcera por presión / Desenvolvimento do diagnóstico de enfermagem risco de úlcera por pressão

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to develop the definition and compile the risk factors for a new Nursing Diagnosis entitled "Risk for pressure ulcer". The process was guided using the research question, "What are the risk factors for development of a PU and what is its definition?" METHOD: An integrative literature review was conducted of articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish from 2002 to 2012 and indexed on the Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central and Web of Science databases. The final sample comprised 21 articles that provided answers to the research question. These articles were analyzed and summarized in charts. RESULTS: A definition was constructed and 19 risk factors were selected for the new nursing diagnosis, "Risk for pressure ulcer". CONCLUSIONS: Identification and definition of the components of the new nursing diagnosis should aid nurses to prevent pressure ulcer events. .

OBJETIVO: El desarrollo de la definición y de los factores de riesgo de un nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería denominado Riesgo de úlcera por presión. La pregunta guía fue: "¿Qué es úlcera por presión y cuáles son los factores de riesgo? MÉTODO: Revisión integradora de la literatura con artículos en portugués, inglés y español publicados entre 2002 y 2012 en las bases de datos electrónicos Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central y Web of Science. La muestra fue compuesta por 21 artículos que respondieron a la pregunta guía de la encuesta los cuales fueron analizados mediante cuadros sinópticos. RESULTADOS: Se desarrolló la definición y se enumeraron 19 factores de riesgo para el nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería de Riesgo de úlcera por presión. CONCLUSIÓN: La encuesta permitió identificar y definir los componentes de ese nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería que auxiliará al enfermero en la prevención de la úlcera por presión. .

OBJETIVO: Estudo com objetivo de desenvolver a definição e os fatores de risco de um novo diagnóstico de enfermagem denominado risco de úlcera por pressão. Para tanto, utilizou-se a questão norteadora: "o que é úlcera por pressão e quais os seus fatores de risco?" MÉTODO: Revisão integrativa da literatura referente a artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, no período entre 2002-2012, nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central e Web of Science. A amostra foi composta por 21 artigos que responderam à questão norteadora, os quais foram analisados por meio de quadros sinópticos. RESULTADOS: Desenvolveu-se a definição e elencaram-se 19 fatores de risco para o novo diagnóstico de enfermagem denominado Risco de úlcera por pressão. CONCLUSÃO: A identificação e a definição desses componentes do novo diagnóstico de enfermagem poderão auxiliar o enfermeiro na prevenção do evento úlcera por pressão. .

Effect of Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R. Br. on stress and cognition in mice.

Effect of stress and its modulation by methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris was studied using acute restraint stress model in mice. The extract was also evaluated for nootropic and antioxidant potential to support anti-stress activity testing. Acute restraint stress resulted in significant increase of plasma corticosterone, glucose, protein, cholesterol and triglyceride levels in stress group of animals. Methanolic extract pretreatment at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 7 days displayed promising anti-stress effect by normalizing these stress-induced biochemical perturbations in plasma of mice. Effect on cognitive functions was evaluated using passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model. Pretreatment with extract at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg augmented acquisition and retention of memory of learned task as evidenced by increased step-down and shortened-transfer latency in passive avoidance model and elevated plus maze model, respectively. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, ip) and piracetam (200 mg/kg, po) were used as standard drugs for anti-stress and nootropic activity testing. Further, the extract at 200 microg/ml showed maximum scavenging of stable radical 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl at 90.11% and nitric oxide radical at 62.77%. The present study, thus, provided scientific support for anti-stress (adaptogenic), antioxidant and nootropic activities of methanolic extract of bark of Alstonia scholaris.

Ascorbic acid protects against restraint stress-induced memory deficits in wistar rats

OBJECTIVE: Chronic stress has been shown to cause oxidative damage in the central nervous system. Although stress-induced impairments in learning and memory have been studied extensively, very few studies have investigated possible ways to prevent their ill effects. The present work was designed to study the protective effects of ascorbic acid in memory loss induced by chronic restraint stress. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were designated into the following groups: (i) Normal control, (ii) Ascorbic acid treatment, (iii) Vehicle control, (iv) Restraint stress, (v) Restraint stress + vehicle, and (vi) Restraint stress + ascorbic acid treatment. At the end of 21 days, animals of all groups were subjected to memory tests using Morris water maze and passive avoidance apparatus. Then, the results obtained were compared between the experimental groups. RESULTS: Rats exposed to restraint stress alone and those pretreated with vehicle solution before restrained stress showed deficits in learning and impaired memory retention in the memory tests when compared to animals in other experimental groups. Animals pretreated with ascorbic acid before restraining showed significant improvement in memory retention in the same memory tests. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggest the possibility of using ascorbic acid as a dietary supplement to prevent stress-induced memory impairments.

Recent progress in research on positional asphyxia of restraint / 法医学杂志

Positional asphyxia of restraint means that when an individual was limited in an abnormal body position, asphyxia would take place owing to the disorder of spontaneous respiratory function, and finally it lead to die. So, it belongs to a special type of the mechanical asphyxia. From the cases reported, we could found that it would take place in several conditions. Because the cases were not caused enough recognition, the study has been researched carefully only in recent years. Following the more cases reported, many experts of forensic medicine had investigated it on the mechanism of death and the standard of identification, but they could not reach to agreements. So, they have changed the directions of the researches, began to value the factors of risk and research how to avoid it. In the following text, the mechanism of death, factors of risk, preventive methods, standard of identification and prospecting of positional asphyxia of restraint were reviewed.

Efeito da inatividade física sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e grau de ateromatose aórtica em coelhos / Effect of lack of physical activity of rabbits in biochemical data and aortic atheromatosis

Foi realizada uma experiência durante 80 dias, usando 32 coelhas em fase de crescimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos (A, B, C e D) de oito animais cada. Os animais dos grupos A e C permaneceram soltos, sendo que os do grupo A foram alimentados com raçäo basal e os do grupo C com raçäo aterogênica (raçäo basal + 0,5% de colesterol). Os animais dos grupos B e D permaneceram praticamente imobilizados em gaiolas estreitas e foram alimentados, respectivamente, com raçäo basal e raçäo aterogênica. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que a inatividade física tem efeito nocivo no processo ateromatoso. De fato, foram observados aumentos (relacionados à quantidade de colesterol ingerido), maiores nos animais engaiolados em relaçäo aos soltos, de lipídios totais no plasma sangüineo e no fígado (significativo); e de colesterol total no fígado, na aorta e no músculo (significativo). Além disso, o grau de ateromatose aórtica foi significativamente mais severo nos animais engaiolados

Efeitos decorrentes da restriçäo mecânica no doente / Adverse effects of mechanical restriction in patients

Neste estudo, versando sobre a restriçäo mecânica tecnologia utilizadas pela enfermagem na limitaçäo dos movimentos normais do doente hospitalizado e acamado, procurou-se investigar as alteraçöes físicas e emocionais decorrente do emprego desse procedimento em doentes internados nos hospitais gerais governamentais de Salvador. Trata-se de um trabalho descritivo, realizado em unidades de internacäo de cuidados intermediários (médicas e cirúrgicas), usando na populaçäo de 90 doentes de ambos os sexos. Para a obtençäo dos dados utilizou-se formulário aplicado na observaçäo do doente. Os resultados obtidos, quando submetidos ao teste Chi-Quadrado, demonstraram relaçäo com as variáveis do estudo (alteraçöes físicas, alteraçöes emocionais, características do doente, elementos da restriçäo, registro da restriçäo e medidas preventivas) e evidenciaram a ocorrência de efeitos físicos e emocionais nocivos ao doente, decorrentes do uso da referida tecnologia, a despeito de sua ampla aceitaçäo e utilizaçäo pela equipe de enfermagem. Sugere-se, em consequência, o emprego de uma assistência de enfermagem individualizada e qualificada de maneira a evitar o uso indiscriminado dessa tecnologia